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Полярник
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 Posted: Sun Dec 08, 2002 3:41 pm Post subject:
Израильские беспилотные катера: "Стингрей" и "Протектор"
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| МИГ wrote: | На вооружение военно-морского флота Израиля поступило новое бесплотное судно, носящее поэтическое имя "Скат" – Stingray.
Как отмечает пресс-служба ЦАХАЛ, прототип этого корабля уже используется израильскими военными пограничниками. Оно прошло ограниченные испытания в водах Средиземного моря.
Концепция "Ската" такая же, как и у беспилотных самолетов, широко используемых армиями всего мира для проведения разведки, доставки грузов в опасные районы или при нанесении бомбовых ударов, которые сопряжены с риском для жизни пилотов. |
А поподробнее?
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Олег Грановский
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| Posted: Mon Dec 09, 2002 3:06 am Post subject:
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Обновлена статья по корабельному составу ВМС
http://www.waronline.org/IDF/Articles/navy_ships.htm
В статье (включая старый вариант) есть следующее:
| Quote: | Тип «Нахшоль» (Stingray Interceptor-2000) – 3 катера
Построены Stingray Marine of Durbanville, Western Cape (Кейп-Таун, ЮАР). Закуплены в 1997-1998гг. Базируются в Эйлате, выполняют по 2-3 патрулирования в неделю, каждое продолжительностью 2-3 дня («Бамахане», 21.01.00, стр. 12-13). Катамаранная схема делает эти небольшие катера очень остойчивыми, даже в плохую погоду. Управление и обслуживание гораздо проще и дешевле, чем у «Дабур» и «Супер Двора», а экипаж почти в 2 раза меньше
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Вообще Стингрей - кораблестроительная фирма.
А о беспилотном "Стингрее" (к вышеупомянутому никакого отношения не имеет) - сегодня большая статья в "Едиот Ахронот". Посылаю её по почте активистам форума, кто первый - выставите фото на сайт.
Last edited by Олег Грановский on Mon Dec 09, 2002 9:07 pm; edited 1 time in total |
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Цефа
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Олег Грановский
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| Posted: Mon Dec 09, 2002 9:29 pm Post subject:
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Для тех, кто не читает на иврите:
Разработка "Стингрея" (дистанционно управляемого) началась израильской фирмой AD&D в Реховоте 5 лет назад. Испытания - в начале 2002г.
Длина прототипа 3.5м, скорость - 80 км/ч (43 узла - очень даже прилично).
"Стингрей" гермитизирован и сделан по принципу "Ваньки-встаньки", т.е. самоподнимается в случае переворачивания.
Оснащён громкоговорителем и телекамерой, основное назначение - досмотр лодок, для предотвращения атак камикадзе на обитаемые катера. В будущем возможна разработка более крупного катера и установка крупнокалиберного пулемёта с дистанционным управлением. |
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Трижды рядовой
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| Posted: Tue Dec 10, 2002 12:07 am Post subject:
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AD&D? Хорошее у них название, однако   .
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Курсант
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| Posted: Tue Dec 10, 2002 5:30 am Post subject:
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В смысле Attention Deficit Disorder?
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Vadim
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digger
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| Posted: Tue Dec 10, 2002 6:06 pm Post subject:
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| Я видал в Зарубежном Военном Обозрении подобную ступу Бабы Яги, только с ТРД и меньшего диаметра , писали, что испытывалась в США. |
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Adam Sniper
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| Posted: Tue Dec 10, 2002 6:14 pm Post subject:
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| В одном из недавних выпусков одного из AFJI была статейка про беспилотки, там такая ступка была представлена в беспилотном исполнении. |
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Stinger
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| Posted: Sun Jul 27, 2003 11:11 am Post subject:
Компания «РАФАЭЛ» сообщила о создании беспилотного катера
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Компания «РАФАЭЛ» сообщила о создании беспилотного военного катера
http://www.isra.com/news/?item=24515
Израильская компания «РАФАЭЛ», занимающаяся разработкой и производством передовых видов вооружения, объявила о том, что совместно с фирмой «Аэронавтикс - системы обороны» создала беспилотные военные катера, являющиеся первыми в мире в своём роде. В «РАФАЭЛ» выражают надежду, что новое детище станет столь же обиходным, как и беспилотные самолёты.
Испытания новых катеров, получивших название «Протектор» («Защитник»), начнутся в октябре и продлятся до начала 2004 года. По мнению разработчиков, военные беспилотные суда смогут заменить патрульные катера, освободив, таким образом, для других задач экипажи из 8-10 человек.
Аппаратура, установленная на беспилотных судах позволит, по словам создателей, «рассмотреть даже цвет глаз капитана проверяемого корабля».
Одной из областей применения разработки называют борьбу с терроризмом и предотвращение вторжения враждебных элементов морским путём.
Кроме системы дистанционного управления, позволяющей управлять катерами на расстоянии, «Протектор» располагает возможностью автономного выполнения задач согласно заранее введённого маршрута. На данный момент, из-за коммуникационных ограничений, радиус «заплыва» беспилотных катеров ограничен 20-30 километрами. В будущем, с переходом на спутниковую связь, никаких лимитов на передвижение не будет.
Оснащение «Проктера» включит в себя фотосистему дневного и ночного видения «Топлайт», разработанную в «РАФАЭЛ». На боевой точке системы «Мини-тайфун» также будет установлена видеоаппаратура. Планируется оснастить беспилотные катера пулемётами «Маг» или схожими стрелковыми единицами. Дополнительная рассматриваемая возможность - установка гранатомётов калибра 40мм, - сообщает «Walla-news». |
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Magnum
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| Posted: Mon Dec 08, 2003 11:46 pm Post subject:
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Так ведь был уже похожий, "Стингрэй"(?).
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Цефа
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| Posted: Mon Dec 08, 2003 11:49 pm Post subject:
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Этот, если рисунок не врет, на вид значительно больше Стингрея. Вон пушак какой 
Если Стингрей был размером с водяной мотоцикл, то этот наверно с Зодиак будет.
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Олег Грановский
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| Posted: Tue Dec 09, 2003 12:00 am Post subject:
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Пушак похож на М2НВ.
К тому же "Стингрей" был не РАФАЭЛ-евский, а фирмы AD&D. |
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Magnum
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| Posted: Tue Dec 09, 2003 12:03 am Post subject:
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Это он и есть, но я думаю, его "для понту бандитского" нарисовали. Это же концепт, а не готовая машина. Лично я против, пусть лучше бушмастер или спарку МАГов поставят.
Размеры - да, но принцип, получается, тот же.
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Цефа
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| Posted: Tue Dec 09, 2003 12:05 am Post subject:
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Это похоже на рафаэлевский модуль OWS в который можно всунуть М2, Мк.19, или пушку.
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Олег Грановский
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Vadim
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| Posted: Mon Nov 01, 2004 8:09 am Post subject:
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| Quote: | JDW - July 09, 2003
Rafael reveals unmanned craft
ALON BEN-DAVID JDW Correspondent
Tel Aviv
Additional reporting by Robin Hughes JDW Deputy News Editor
London
Israel's Rafael Armament Development Authority has unveiled its Protector unmanned integrated naval combat system, based on unmanned autonomous, remotely controlled surface vehicles (USVs).
Protector, jointly developed with Aeronautics Defense Systems of Israel, is designed for homeland defence and anti-terror operations, as well as force-protection and reconnaissance missions.
The Protector's mission payload includes a search radar and Rafael's Toplite stabilised multirole multisensor optronic payload, electro-optical day/night observation and targeting pod.
Enabling both manual and automatic day/night target observation and tracking, Toplite subsystems include a third-generation forward-looking infra-red sensor, black and white/colour charge-coupled device camera and eye-safe laser rangefinder, an advanced correlation tracker and an (optional) laser designator.
The Protector's mini-Typhoon weapon system - based on Rafael's Typhoon remote-controlled, stabilised weapon station - is capable of operating small- and medium-calibre guns up to 30mm. The system is equipped with a computerised fire-control system and an on-mount camera for day/night operation.
The Protector is based on a waterjet propulsion system, powered by a diesel engine producing a top speed of 40kt.
The 11m-long USV has a maximum payload of 1,000kg. According to Rafael, the vehicle is a "highly manoeurable and stealthy" platform. "Its maximum range is only limited by the capacity of the communications systems installed," Ezra Sanderovich, Rafael's Systems division's deputy director, told Jane's Defence Weekly. "It can be either controlled from sea or shore," he added.
According to Rafael, the Protector is mission-reconfigurable through its plug-and-play design, allowing it to be used for various missions such as force protection, anti-terror surveillance and reconnaissance, mine warfare, electronic warfare and precision strikes.
"We believe there is a growing potential for unmanned naval systems, especially in the area of homeland defence," said Sanderovich. "The ability to detect and eliminate threats without jeopardising personnel and other capital assets is a mounting need in many countries. We are being assisted by the Israeli navy in defining the system's specifications, but there is no certainty they will acquire it."
The Protector unmanned naval combat system will have a mini-Typhoon weapon system capable of operating small- and medium-calibre guns up to 30mm.
(Source: Rafael) |
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Vadim
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| Posted: Mon Nov 01, 2004 8:10 am Post subject:
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JANE'S INTERNATIONAL DEFENCE REVIEW - SEPTEMBER 01, 2003
Israeli Navy to evaluate Protector USV
The Israeli Navy is due to begin proof-of-concept trials next month (October) with the prototype Protector unmanned surface vehicle (USV) developed jointly by Rafael and Aeronautics Defense Systems.
The service has a potential requirement for a USV to replace its present Super Dvora manned fast attack craft. The absence of a crew would permit very long endurance, because fatigue is no longer a factor (although the Israeli Navy may elect for an optionally crewed variant), and reduces operating costs.
The prototype is based on a 9m-long rigid-hull inflatable boat supplied by a UK company, powered by a diesel engine driving a waterjet propulsor, which carries a superstructure constructed from composite materials.
Protector integrates this platform with existing sensors and weapon systems, including Rafael's Mini-Typhoon stabilized gun mount (with its own fire-control camera), Toplite multi-sensor optronic payload and a surveillance/navigation radar. Five video channels transmit the outputs from these, together with two deck-mounted cameras, back to a remote operator aboard a ship or at a shore site. The vessel also carries microphones and loudspeakers, allowing the operator to hail the crew of a suspicious vessel and hear their response.
Aeronautics is offering a leasing agreement for Protector similar to that under which it provides unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) services to the Israel Defense Force (IDF); company staff fly the Aerostar UAV on daily patrols over the Gaza Strip, with IDF personnel operating the sensor payload.
The IDF will test a prototype of the Protector USV as a potential replacement for its Super Dvora fast attack craft. The forthcoming trials will help the service asses whether, for example, the lack of an ability to 'feel' movement of the vessel by a human crew is a substantial drawback. Other aspects to be examined include whether the lower sensor height is a major disadvantage.
(Source: Rafael)
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Олег Грановский
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Vadim
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| Posted: Mon Dec 13, 2004 2:54 am Post subject:
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| Quote: | JDW - Dec 15, 2004
Israel Navy to evaluate Protector system
ALON BEN-DAVID JDW Correspondent
Tel Aviv
Israel's Rafael Armament Development Authority has revealed that it has sold several Protector unmanned surface vehicle (USV) systems to an undisclosed costumer.
The systems delivered were originally earmarked to begin evaluation tests with the Israel Navy (IN), but these were postponed when all the Protectors were purchased by the overseas customer.
"Now that we have concluded operational tests with the Protector, we are offering several systems to the IN for evaluation," Giora Katz, Rafael's head of Naval Directorate, told JDW.
While it is not yet clear whether the IN will be able to absorb procurement of a USV capability, Katz argued that "in a matter of a few years unmanned vehicles will replace today's manned platforms in many of the IN's missions, such as coast guard, force protection and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaisance."
The 9 m-long USV has a maximum operational payload of 1,000 kg. This includes a search radar and Rafael's Toplite stabilised multirole multisensor optronic payload.
Toplite subsystems include a third-generation forward-looking infra-red sensor, black and white/colour charge-coupled device camera and eye-safe laser rangefinder, an advanced correlation tracker and an (optional) laser designator.
The Protector's mini-Typhoon weapon system - based on Rafael's Typhoon remote-controlled, stabilised weapon station - is capable of operating machine guns up to 12.7 mm calibre and a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher. The mini-Typhoon - which is equipped with a computerised fire-control system and an on-mount camera for day/night operation - is slaved to the Toplite system to provide a fully unmanned integrated weapon suite. A larger variant of the USV provides for an option of a 30 mm canon.
The Protector is mission-reconfigurable through its plug-and- play design. "Its endurance derives from the mounted payload, but the Protector can be controlled from a range of several dozen miles from a shore control station or from onboard a naval command platform," said Katz.
"The biggest advantage of USVs is in the routine, high risk missions, such as force protection, anti-terror surveillance and reconnaissance, mine warfare, electronic warfare and other capabilities," he added. "With the Protector, you can detect, track, recognise, communicate and engage with a target if necessary, while the operator is not exposed to any threat and much more attentive than a tired sailor on a patrol boat. All this is done with significantly lower costs than any manned vessel," said Katz.
Rafael is currently marketing the Protector for numerous navies around the world.
"Our customers will be able to select the size of the platform according to their requirements, as we offer a unique integration of sensors and weapons aboard the Protector," added Katz.
Israel's Rafael Armament Development Authority has sold the 11 m-long Protector USV to an undisclosed customer
(Source: Rafael) |
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Олег Грановский
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| Posted: Mon Dec 13, 2004 10:00 pm Post subject:
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И в мире:
| Quote: | More than just a remote possibility: USVs enter the fray
JANE'S NAVY INTERNATIONAL - February 01, 2004
Nick Brown
An increased emphasis on removing personnel from the firing line has focused attention on research and development of unmanned surface vehicles. Nick Brown reports on the progress in the field.
Unmanned vehicles have undergone a real renaissance over the last decade, transitioning from simple target drones to systems providing force-multiplying capabilities in their own right.
Much of the world's attention has focused on the headline-grabbing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that rapidly evolved as reconnaissance assets and were thrown into the spotlight in 2002, executing missile strikes on targets in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Likewise, the arena of the unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) has seen vast investment and growing attention, extending the reach of submarines and providing a wide range of capabilities for the clandestine and mine-clearance communities.
In the shadow of these 'sexier' programmes, unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) have appeared to be something of a poor relation. However, there has long been a bubbling undercurrent of research and development in the field - in the recent operations against Iraq, the UK Royal Navy (RN) made great, but largely unsung, use of rapidly developed remotely controlled mine-countermeasures vessels (MCMVs). A number of companies and navies are now beginning to leverage technology dragged through from the more mature UAV and UUV programmes to present USVs as a realistic future force.
One of the major criticisms that opponents of USV programmes put forward is that such programmes bring nothing new to a navy, that roles such as long-range intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) and strike can be better carried out by helicopters or UAVs. However, that is to miss the point slightly. Although a UAV can carry out long-range aerial surveillance with limited strike capabilities, and helicopters can perform admirably as pickets, unlike USVs there are currently enormous difficulties that arise when operating and recovering UAVs to deployed vessels, and helicopters are very expensive to operate and even more so to replace if lost.
By contrast, relatively cheap USVs boast a number of capabilities that will ensure their role as a vital link in the future networked naval battlespace. For example, they are the only type of unmanned vehicle that can operate in all three environments: above-surface (linking to other platforms and operating radar and electro-optic [EO] sensors); on the surface (with all of the long-endurance benefits and ease of data communications that this brings); and subsurface (with sonar and underwater cameras). With the addition of weapon systems, it is easy to see that the dawn of this virtually untapped third phase of unmanned vehicle development is nearly here.
Why go unmanned?
Historically, the major driver behind unmanned vehicle development has been to keep personnel out of harm's way in particularly risky roles or in non-permissive environments. It could be argued that Sir Francis Drake's fireships, which were set alight and drifted off to scatter the Spanish Armada, were an early and successful example of USVs having a direct combat role. However, the modern interpretation of the concept presumes that USVs can be directly controlled or even have a degree of inbuilt autonomy.
As such, some of the first 'true' naval USVs were developed during the Second World War with programmes such as the Canadian COMOX - a smokescreen-laying 'torpedo' concept designed before the Normandy invasion to provide amphibious landing forces with cover. This simple concept basically entailed a craft with a preprogrammed fixed course traversing a beach mechanically and laying a smokescreen until it ran out of power or was destroyed.
The advent of the wireless communications revolution, which really took hold during the war, enabled much more ambitious plans. While the German Luftwaffe and Japanese air force were trialling the technology with remote-controlled aircraft filled with explosive as early cruise missiles, the US Navy (USN) was developing a range of Demolition Rocket Craft; converted landing craft fitted with radio-controlled steering gear and mine-clearing rockets for the surf zone.
There are also a number of reports of Soviet forces developing small, remotely controlled 'suicide' boats to carry out explosive ramming attacks on enemy vessels.
Despite successful trials, none of these systems saw widespread use. In the immediate aftermath of the war, USVs were used to gather environmental data from nuclear weapons testing; but other than this, the technology involved largely stagnated at this level for all of the Cold War and well into the 1990s, with naval USVs largely being used as target tugs for gunnery practice and to gather environmental data after nuclear weapons tests. That said, the platforms have changed in line with readily available civilian craft (Robotek Engineering's Roboski, for example, is a modified remote-controlled jetski). However, there have been a number of notable exceptions with dedicated USVs.
Mine countermeasures
In the spirit of keeping people as far out of harm's way as possible, these exceptions focused squarely on another traditionally high-risk maritime operation - MCM. In particular, this saw the Royal Danish Navy (RDN) develop its SAV class (Surface Auxiliary Vessels) of MCM drones, and the arrival of the German Navy's Troika programme. Both systems work in basically the same manner, with a dedicated MCM 'mothership' controlling a number of drones running ahead of the minehunter.
In the case of the RDN, the service's concept of operations (CONOPS) has a single Flyvefisken-class Standard Flex craft outfitted for MCM operations, with a control unit operating pairs of SAV drones. Although considered more expendable than the manned Flyvefisken, the SAVs were especially designed for the MCM role - based on the Hugin-class patrol vessel design - with glass-reinforced plastic hulls and a very low acoustic signature.
The drones operate in exactly the same way as a manned MCMV, deploying their Thomson Marconi SAS TSM 2054 side-scan sonar to look for mines. The major difference is that the USV beams the sonar picture back to the mothership - with precise positioning information based on inertial systems and navigation radar data - via a Terma radio link (which also carries the vessel's manoeuvring information) for analysis. As well as keeping the control ship away from the direct threat, the system allows a single manned-vessel to cover more of its designated sweep area in one pass, while also radically speeding up the time taken to sweep a particular area.
Successful trials to upgrade the system were carried out in 1999 and 2000 with ADI's Dyad influence sweep system, which is now in service alongside the sonar.
A similar concept using these Dyads was put to good use by the RN's MCM force during the Iraq conflict in 2003, when clearing the Khawr Abd Allah waterways running up to the port of Umm Qasr. This instance clearly illustrates how far commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology has advanced since the development of the SAVs. In December 2002 QinetiQ was awarded an urgent operational requirement contract to develop a similar system as soon as possible to boost the capabilities of the Hunt- and Sandown-class MCMVs. The company had a system in the water, near Iraq, with trained operators by February 2003.
James Young, QinetiQ's USV project manager, told JNI that "the technology was applied to [the RN] in about eight weeks". He added that the system was developed off the back of an existing USV, MIMIR, developed by the company for commercial very-shallow-water and estuarine hydrographic survey operations. The directing software and datalink communications gear was updated, with some modifications, then redesigned with COTS equipment in watertight portable cases that were plugged into the control and propulsion systems of several RTK Combat Support Boats (CSBs), the latter being outfitted with ADI Dyads.
This COTS equipment was central to the company's ability to meet the RN's timescale. Young continued: "[It] was exactly the same control process and technique, except we adopted a much more COTS-based approach like industrial controllers and put our algorithms on top. It's easier and cheaper - when you've only got a short time - to just get controllers off the shelf." He continued that "the industry equipment now has moved on a lot, so it's pretty good, robust kit. Industrial controllers are designed to be put through their paces so you can be a bit more confident that they will just do the job, [rather] than us having to design and manufacture something at the last minute".
QinetiQ worked very closely with the user community to develop the remote manual pilotage system, creating a PC-based system with a simple slide and toggle switch set-up rather than a representative wheelhouse. Together with a map overlay on the screen providing a top-down view of the picture around the CSB, this gave a readout of the rudder and throttle positions and engine state to provide basic manoeuvring data.
The sonar picture was passed back over a separate link. Steve Ray, QinetiQ's senior engineer and technical leader for the USV programme, insists that although it is straightforward to use the same link, "you really don't want to get your RF [radio frequency] links congested".
Young expands: "The vehicles were operated by a controller on a sweeper following on behind, but the vehicles are semi-autonomous. Tell them to go down a track or follow a search pattern and they'll do it. Even then, it's a remote-controlled system and the operator is still in control. That's the way the navy wanted to work it."
Although the primary driver was to remove personnel from the danger point, Young asserts that removing the onboard pilot operator from the loop and relying on constant navigation data updates from GPS, inertial gear and navigation radar can actually make the USV far more accurate, which is essential for hydrographic surveys and seabed mapping, and even more so for MCM roles.
As such, QinetiQ is looking to improve this for later systems. Young told JNI that "this isn't the be-all and end-all of what we are about. It was a nice showcase for us, but we're about completely autonomous vehicles that take this a step further".
Current USVs usually have fairly rudimentary navigation programming, enabling them to follow waypoints on programmed routes with a radio-link override, keeping a man in the loop. However, already, QinetiQ's system has a sophisticated fail safe set-up that has enabled it to obtain internationally certified clearance from the Maritime and Coastguard Agency to operate unmanned in shipping channels, but the company wants to build on this.
Ray continues: "Obviously within the unmanned vehicle arena there's a lot of technology already developed for the UAVs and UUVs; we're working very closely with those to pull common technology through to the USV side. The obvious technology is the navigation and autopilot autonomy. Once we have got that, we can start to work around mission-driven autonomy concepts. Rather than just programming a survey route, you can start bringing in mission requirements. So if the mission is to survey an area, the autonomy within the vehicle itself looks at how best to achieve it. Bringing in the obstacle-avoidance technology, if the vehicle detects an obstacle, it will avoid and then replan the mission to make sure it achieves its objective. We're looking at these base-building blocks as generic, so we can give them to a customer and then update the mission-based autonomy to whatever they need. Because it's modular, you can change the algorithms in one module without affecting the others because the interfaces are defined."
Beyond this, Young describes QinetiQ's direction as working towards co-operative navigation, so that 'swarms' of USVs could work safely and efficiently networked together with modular packages that would allow the user to remotely deliver sensor packages "tens or hundreds of miles away". This opens up a range of new roles for which the USV is ideally suited.
USV utilisation
Quite aside from the safety aspects of removing personnel from these craft, some operations that are not particularly dangerous can potentially be carried out far better by an unmanned system. For example, it is not always possible or practical to have the ship's boat launched as a force protection asset; patrolling back and forth alongside a ship anchored in a potentially hostile port for long periods of time is both physically wearing and mentally hard on the crew. However, a remotely controlled or semi-autonomous USV would only be limited in endurance by its fuel.
SAIC and Navtec teamed up in 2002 to offer their Owl II Unmanned Harbour Security Vehicle (UHSV) for exactly this role. The dedicated 3m craft can sprint at up to 45kt, but cruising at 10-12kt provides around 10 hours of unrefuelled operations and loitering at 3-5kt around a harbour extends this to 24 hours. The UHSV can carry payloads weighing up to 200kg, but these have so far been restricted to sensor packages - an underwater camera and forward-looking or side-scan sonars to hunt divers, submersibles and sea mines, or an above-water package of radar, night vision and thermal camera with laser range-finder. Crucially, with only a 7in (17.8cm) draft, the craft can work in very shallow conditions.
It can also be outfitted with spotlights and a microphone/speaker combination for the policing role, or otherwise act simply as a portable picket, pushing seaborne threat-detection ranges out away from the force. The straight-line RF signal range can reach out to 10nm, feeding the picture from its sensors back to an operator console on board ship in real time.
The UHSV uses GPS for navigation and tracking, and a commercial single-frequency radio for telemetry, control and data transmission. However, it can also be used in an over-the-horizon (OTH) role when coupled to an aerial datalink (from a communications node UAV, for example), or with satellite communications (SATCOM), providing far greater reach and tactical flexibility.
The UHSV has evolved from an older system (Owl) and is commensurately mature, having been trialled launched from, and recovered to, both large and small ships. SAIC claims that the craft can be deployed from any ship longer than 35ft (10.7m), and trials have proven this, with operations ranging from Typhoon-class patrol craft to Pegasus Mk V Special Operations Craft; the latter has also completed trials launching from and recovering to Owl II while under way.
In addition, Navtec has developed a pier-side command-and-control (C2) centre, which it deployed on operations with an Owl USV between May and August 1997, following a request from US Naval Forces Central Command. Between 1995 and 2001 the craft was trialled across most of the traditional USV roles - mine detection, towed-array operations, optical surveillance, law enforcement and active sonar operations. An Owl II was also successfully trialled as a force-protection and reconnaissance asset during Fleet Battle Experiment-Juliet (FBE-J) in 2002, operating from the high-speed craft Joint Venture, gathering meteorological data and operating with a side-scan sonar.
However, the programme is currently on hold. David McFadden, SAIC's UHSV programme spokesman, told JNI: "SAIC has not received the interest we thought we would after numerous in-water force-protection demos and the avid interest expressed at trade shows. We have operated the USV in an autonomous mode - running pre-programmed tracks in an unoccupied open ocean - as well as operated the UHSV remotely during the exercises in 2002.
"However, we have found that fully autonomous operations in harbour situations have many unanswered questions when it comes to maritime law - there must be humans in the loop to minimise liability." Nevertheless, Navtec and SAIC still have great faith in the system and are proposing a more aggressive role for their USV, as a remote artillery spotter designating littoral or riverine targets for other assets (ship's guns or aircraft) to attack.
Into the attack
A development of this concept is perceived as one of the key future roles for USVs by a number of navies - namely to supply ISR gathering and strike capability into non-permissive environments with no threat to personnel.
In this role Israel's Armament Development Authority, Rafael, believes that it can go one better than SAIC and Navtec, proposing the Protector USV concept. Essentially this is an 11m rigid inflatable boat (RIB) - although a prototype is currently being run on a 9m boat - fitted with a Toplite EO sensor pod and a Mini-Typhoon stabilised 12.7mm machine gun turret. Outfitted with integral navigation radar, GPS and a gyrostabilised inertial navigation system, Rafael claims that Protector is highly autonomous, although it can also be operated remotely from the shore or a ship.
The Israeli Navy is blazing a trail with this system and has had a Protector on trial since October 2003, evaluating it as a possible replacement for the service's Super Dvora fast attack craft, citing the system's long endurance and relatively low costs compared with manned systems.
The prototype is powered by a diesel engine driving a water-jet propulsor, and carries a composite-materials superstructure that raises the sensor pod, radar and antennae up above the surface clutter. Five video channels are used to transmit the outputs from the Toplite and two deck-mounted cameras back to a remote operator. In common with the Owl II, the vessel also carries microphones and loudspeakers, allowing the operator to hail the crew of a suspicious vessel and see and hear their response.
The company is offering a leasing agreement for Protector similar to that under which it provides UAV services to the Israel Defense Force (IDF); company staff fly the Aerostar UAV on daily patrols over the Gaza Strip, with IDF personnel operating the sensor payload.
Where QinetiQ placed great store in the separation of pilot and boat to increase survey accuracy and enable the systems to take over, the more aggressive and 'hands-on' role planned for Protector may require a more representative control station, simulating the 'feel' of the boat on the water to ensure that it handles properly and can react quickly. As a long-range package, the other major concern for the system is whether the relatively low height of the sensor package is a major disadvantage. The Israeli Navy is to report its findings in 2004.
Spartan deployed
In 2000 the US Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Carderock Division set up the Unmanned Vehicle Office to oversee the requirements for USV development. And the USN is taking the armed RIB concept one step further with its Spartan Scout advanced concept technology demonstrator.
To ease interoperability issues with existing equipment and speed up development (as well as keep costs down), Spartan is based on standard 7m and 11m RIBs as a base 'chassis', with a variety of 'plug and play' mission-specific modules weighing between 3,000 lb and 5,000 lb. These modules currently centre on anti-terrorism/force protection (AT/FP), shallow-water under-sea warfare (USW), mine warfare (MIW), precision strike and anti-surface warfare, and ISR, although the programme office is looking at other developments it might be able to pull through.
The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) - design lead for the programme - believes that, with existing technology, Spartan can offer around eight hours of continuous operations (with an objective of 48 hours), with a transit speed of over 28kt in Sea State 3 (50kt objective), giving an operating range of 150nm (although 1,000nm is noted as an objective).
The core Spartan system will be able to operate both semi-autonomously and under direct remote control, fitted with video cameras for navigation and control. It will be outfitted as standard with line-of-site and OTH antennas, navigation and surface-search radar, and GPS.
With a series of platform trials completed in 2003 - port and harbour patrols in May and July - the MIW module has undergone testing throughout the third quarter of 2003. This module is the most basic set-up and simply adds a towed AQS-14/20X side-scan minehunting sonar, associated electronics and a winch.
An offshoot (and potential upgrade) of the MIW module also underwent a period of trials with an AQS-24 minehunting sonar (more usually seen towed behind USN helicopters) with Northrop Grumman on an 11m craft at the Expeditionary Warfare Conference in Panama City in late September and early October 2003. These trials saw the boat deploy, operate and recover the sonar, beaming the picture back to a shore station.
Gene Cum from Northrop Grumman's Oceanic and Business Systems unit in Annapolis headed up this project. He told JNI that the trials also proved that "a sonar system could be towed behind an 11m boat [and] could provide images of the bottom satisfactory enough to undertake minehunting". The system also did a port lead-out demonstration for the Avenger-class MCMV, USS Scout, with the trials boat moving ahead of Scout and beaming back a map of the seabed to the ship's bridge.
Cum said that the two biggest problems that were overcome during the trials were getting the weight down to ensure that the boat had the best possible endurance, and securing communications for the data and sonar picture from the boat to the shore.
Spartan's next module is a combined ISR/force-protection package with high-fidelity forward-looking infrared (IR) and TV cameras, a chemical/biological agent 'sniffer' and a turret-mounted GAU-17 7.62mm Gatling gun, as seen in use as a helicopter door-gun in the USN. In the short term, along with the MIW version, this is probably the most required variant and the one most likely to see rapid entry to service to supply the USN with an organic capability to provide assured access and subsequent force protection.
In Fiscal Year 2003 (FY03), NUWC received US$36 million for the Warfighter Protection Technologies/Unmanned Surface Vehicles office to "support three RHIB [rigid-hull inflatable boat] units in [an] NUWC demonstration of USVs to provide ISR/force protection and potential weapons platforms for naval harbour and port facilities with three vehicles and mission payloads". These three modules were the gun-armed variant, a missile craft and a non-lethal package, all with an enhanced ISR, EO and IR capability to spot and track threats.
As JNI went to press NUWC was trialling an armed mechanical prototype around Rhode Island, but an unarmed ISR version has been deployed to the Persian Gulf with the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Gettysburg since August 2003. According to the Program Executive Office Ships, the system has been well received by the Enterprise Carrier Strike Group, where it is helping to establish the Recognized Maritime Picture around the cruiser and carrier. It is acting in the force-protection role and is on standby to provide real-time surveillance around any ships being boarded by USN teams.
Prior to its deployment with the Gettysburg and the Enterprise Carrier Strike Group, Spartan had participated in several fleet exercises, including a 2002 Joint Task Force exercise off Morehead City, North Carolina, and alongside the UHSV and Roboski in FBE-J.
According to Dr Vic Ricci, technical manager of the Spartan Scout programme, NUWC is also planning trials of an up-armed strike version fitted with Javelin or Hellfire missiles for the anti-ship or precision littoral strike role. This version would also have a podded EO site and laser designator to cue the missiles, which could also work to designate targets for other weapon systems.
The USW and MIW modules will likely be boosted with a form of direct attack munition, but details of this have yet to be ironed out. An upgraded MIW demonstration is planned for the third quarter of FY04, followed by a precision strike trial in the first half of FY05, and a full reconfigurable multimission set of demonstrations with all of the modules by the start of FY06.
Current plans are to eventually field Spartans with all AN/SQQ-89 combat system-equipped USN ships of the line, including destroyers, cruisers and frigates. Although it will normally be operated from a ship - occupying the ship's boat davits - the CONOPS also calls for the system to be flexible in terms of delivery, launched from a forward-deployed or allied land-site, and capable of surviving airlift and airdrop operations.
It is a crucial feature of the design that Spartan is based on existing 7m and 11m RIBs, because according to one US observer, modern warships have strict design limitations with prior claims on their "expensive and limited real estate", so mention of new equipment of radical design "has a tendency to make some captains run a mile".
Emancipated designs
However, USV designers are beginning to realise that contemporary craft have largely been designed around the limiting factor of human operators. Therefore removing the human from the craft frees up a world of opportunities.
The most obvious current example of this is Lockheed Martin's AN/WLD-1 Remote Minehunting System (RMS). Early on in the programme, the designers recognised that if the system was to tow heavy MCM and anti-surface warfare (ASW) equipment (an AQS-20 variable-depth sonar), a USV could be far more effective and stable - as well as more covert, and therefore more survivable - if it was not constrained by the need to have large airbreathing systems above the surface.
As a result, the RMS straddles the line between UUVs and USVs, with much of the vehicle's relatively large and heavy 7m body sailing below the surface and only a snorkel mast to the diesel motor sticking up above the surface. This combines some of the best attributes of both vehicle types - being submerged provides the RMS with a very stable platform, but being airbreathing obviates the need for complicated, expensive and thus-far untried battery technology - as well as greatly simplifying C2 and datalinks.
The covert nature of the low-profile snorkel has further led Lockheed Martin to suggest that the system can be used for a variety of other roles. Foremost among these would be covert inshore ISR, with the addition of an EO pod and signals intelligence-gathering gear, perhaps leveraging off the USN's AN/BLQ-10 submarine electronic support measures fit or a surface-search radar. With the system's relatively long range (the 370hp Cummins diesel propels the system at 10kt; onboard fuel supports a 24-40-hour mission) and OTH capabilities, a fleet could insert the ISR RMS way ahead to act as a forward piquet, picking up surface threats - concurrently with its MCM and littoral ASW duties - which could be beamed back securely to the fleet via OTH HF or SATCOM links.
Lockheed Martin's RMS spokesman Vic Galindo also told JNI at Euronaval 2002 in Paris that the company was investigating arming the RMS with up to four expendable mine-neutralisation systems or the addition of an OASIS (Organic Airborne Surface Influence Sweep)-style sweep system to actively counter mines. He also stated that it may be possible to use the body as a mothership to carry smaller UUVs into the littoral. Even more radically, Lockheed Martin has suggested that the RMS could be given a self-defence or strike-role capability, armed with surface-to-surface missiles on a modified mast and torpedoes below the waterline. However, these ideas are only concept plans at the moment and priority is being given to exploiting the extant MCM, submarine detection and possibly ISR roles.
The RMS is currently undergoing a period of manufacturer's sea trials until June 2004, ahead of system qualification tests. In October 2003 it successfully completed a series of trials with the Arleigh Burke Flight IIA-class destroyer USS Pinckney in the Gulf of Mexico. These validated the system's over-the-side handling and, crucially, the line-of-sight and OTH modes of the datalink.
The RMS is scheduled for deployment with an operational destroyer in 2005. Another RMS spokesperson, Erica Rychwalski, told JNI that "for the Flight O Littoral Combat Ship [LCS], the USN's ASW and mine-warfare mission modules plan calls for two [RMS], so we are working to support that initiative as well".
NSWC Carderock is also investigating novel hullforms for USVs, although focusing more on high-speed surface craft. This is another area of great potential for USVs because, without the human operators on board, vessels can operate in higher sea states and with virtually no regard for that slamming or environmental discomfort that can curtail manned boat operations. Surface-planing, wave-piercing craft, Very Slender Vessels, Surface Effects Ships and Wing-in-Ground effect vessels are all being studied.
Two major design efforts are concentrating on a Planing HYSWAS [hydroplane small-waterplane-area ship] Integrated Node - Unmanned Surface Vehicle (PHIN-USV) and a Planing Hydrofoil Assisted Swath Transport (PHAST).
PHAST has the benefits of a traditional SWATH at low speeds, with efficient propulsion, sea-keeping and stability, with the high speed capacity of a planing catamaran.The SWATH pontoons have v-shaped bottoms and forward planes to provide the lift.
In October 2003 Carderock completed the concept design of a trimaran PHIN-USV. The HYSWAS hullform allows it to cut through short waves and ride over those with a longer period.
PHIN-USV is 8.15m in length and powered at speeds of up to 35kt by an inboard motor pushing out about 270hp, driving a ducted propulsor installed in the bulbous 'gondola' forming the lower hull. An active control system operates on a pair of foils amidships on the gondola, providing roll control; with another aft-mounted pair controlling pitch; and a rudder.
The craft could operate and be controlled from platforms such as the LCS, carrying out the usual MCM (both reconnaissance and neutralisation) and ISR operations, particularly during stealthy operation at low speeds. The baseline ISR sensor fit consists of the Thales Nederland Mirador, which Carderock selected because it is compact, lightweight and has already been integrated into a complete package. Other above-water mission equipment includes the Integrated Communications Subsystem that L-3 Communications supplies for the Global Hawk UAV, which can carry data at rates of up to 274Mbit/s and enables real-time video relay.
The MCM package involves a variant of the Raytheon AN/AQS-20 towed sonar, which can operate at speeds of up to 20kt, and the BAE Systems Archerfish expendable mine-disposal vehicle. Four examples of the latter can be accommodated within the superstructure. The AQS-20 and its reeling system are housed within the gondola, which imposes limits on the maximum dimension of the sonar body.
Reducing the 'wingspan' of the body by about one third to 1.5m allows it to fit the design, and has the added advantage of reducing drag and tension on the tow cable.
Carderock hopes to proceed with detailed design of the PHIN-USV, including construction of a scale model. The craft is intended to operate in Sea State 3, be able to recover from capsizing in Sea State 5 and survive Sea State 6.
The scale of USV design and operational ambitions is virtually limitless and it is only a matter of time before they start to receive the recognition afforded to the other unmanned vehicle fields. According to QinetiQ's Young: "Using commercial or military SATCOMS you can control a vehicle anywhere in the world if you want to. Not a problem. Download status, upload a mission - anything you want. So it's limitless with vehicles on the surface."
It is easy to get swept away and imagine entirely robotic fleets at some time in the future; but as with all things it is safer and more realistic, for the foreseeable future, to manage expectations and take an incremental development approach towards this concept - if it is even decided that it is a desirable direction in which to go.
What is certain is that even current USVs can be a real force multiplier. The days of the USV may not be quite here yet, but they are definitely beginning to dawn.
EDO develops USV Sweep
US-based company EDO is developing a mine countermeasures (MCM) unmanned surface vehicle (USV) - called USV Sweep - as a possible minesweeping mission module for the US Navy's (USN's) Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) or other craft of opportunity.
EDO were given US$4 million from the Office of Naval Research in July 2003 to undertake a two-year development programme, which included testing and trade-off studies following on from an initial research and development programme carried out by EDO with its own funds. The USN supplied an 11m rigid inflatable-hull boat to EDO for the programme.
Phase one of the programme has been to develop an advanced modular power supply that will power the minesweeping equipment and which could power other systems such as a radar or an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) sonar. Although the main thrust of the programme has been to look at MCM, the USV could also be used for other purposes and over-the-horizon.
With a top speed of 20-25kt, the USV is micro-turbine driven, powered by a 30kW multifuel engine. In effect, the USV drives itself along a series of pre-programmed tracks via waypoints. It can also be remote controlled from the back of a ship of from a shore station. The USN has provided the remote-control functionality.
According to Vincent Gac, Manager of Advanced Naval Systems Marine & Aircraft Systems, the programme is going very well as a result of the hard work done during the prior study period. He says that the company wishes to accelerate the programme so that the system could be considered for the first flight of LCS vessels, with the aim being to have two of the USV Sweeps per ship.
The next stage of the programme is to provide the fleet with a demonstration unit in late 2004, possibly as a participating module in a Fleet Battle Experiment.
EDO is currently discussing with Lockheed Martin the possibility of using its minesweeping system on its Remote Minehunting System (RMS), also a contended for the MCM module aboard LCS. However, Gac believes that it is likely that the USN may take both systems rather than one or the other as they serve different requirements. RMS is more of a covert system, operational in higher sea states and really only has one function with its towed-array sonar. USV Sweep is cheaper and has a greater functionality, being also capable of undertaking ASW, ESM and radar activity.
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Bobson
Заслуженный Участник
Joined: 25 Jun 2003
Posts: 173
Location: Спб
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| Posted: Tue Dec 14, 2004 7:47 pm Post subject:
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А друзья не сопрут? :0)
Подкрадутся и на абордаж. Потом будут рассекать средиземную волну |
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Gleb
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Joined: 26 Mar 2004
Posts: 135
Location: Russia, Klimovsk
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| Posted: Wed Dec 15, 2004 3:18 pm Post subject:
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| digger wrote: | | Я видал в Зарубежном Военном Обозрении подобную ступу Бабы Яги, только с ТРД и меньшего диаметра , писали, что испытывалась в США. |
Если не ошибаюсь, №6/1990. |
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bob909
Ветеран
Joined: 07 Apr 2003
Posts: 1451
Location: Реховот
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| Posted: Fri Nov 04, 2005 3:50 pm Post subject:
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Граница на замке - "Защитник" в море
Израильская фирма "Рафаэль" создала уникальный скоростной дистанционно-управляемый катер "Протектор" ("Защитник") для борьбы с террористами. Применение таких катеров обеспечивает надежную охрану прибрежной зоны, нефтяных платформ и других объектов, позволяет вести круглосуточный мониторинг морских акваторий и при необходимости незамедлительно уничтожать любые обнаруженные подозрительные объекты без привлечения сил специального реагирования.
На салоне EURONAVAL были продемонстрированы реальные результаты испытаний "Протектора", управляемого оператором из удаленного командного пункта. Гиростабилизированная оптико-электронная система катера уверенно обнаруживала подозрительные объекты на контролируемой акватории, осуществляла их идентификацию, передавала данные в центр управления и по команде оператора уничтожала их с применением пулемета "Тайфун" калибра 7,62 мм.
Катер "Протектор" имеет жесткий корпус длиной 9 метров, дизельный двигатель и водометный движитель. Надстройка катера в центральной части корпуса создана по технологии обеспечения малозаметных демаскирующих признаков "стелс". Перед надстройкой расположена пулеметная установка "Тайфун" с дистанционным управлением.
Катер может управляться операторами, находящимися в стационарном или мобильном береговом центрах, а также на борту надводного корабля. Управление осуществляется через две станции - оператором-водителем и оператором бортового оборудования.
В качестве полезной нагрузки на катере могут устанавливаться оптико-электронное оборудование, радиолокационная станция, аппаратура электронной борьбы и гидроакустическая станция, а также оружие.
http://www.israelnewsagency.com/navyterrorismisraelidfweapons481020.html
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Кратк. - сес. тал. |
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farman
Модератор
Joined: 16 Jan 2002
Posts: 4766
Location: Израиль
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| Posted: Tue Dec 27, 2005 2:27 pm Post subject:
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Еще о "Защитнике", из Маарива:
| Quote: | Армия дистанционного управления
Алекс Дорон, "Маарив"
... ... ...
К израильским космическим, воздушным и наземным системам, управляемым без присутствия людей, добавилась недавно четвертая система, на сей раз морская. Это катер-робот, разработанный компанией "Рафаэль", который называется "Protector" (Защитник). Это первое изобретение такого рода представляет собой средство военно-морского патрулирования без экипажа на борту, которое можно контролировать с расстояния 20 км. В последние недели этот катер начал свою службу на американском флоте в Персидском заливе, где он обеспечивает защиту военных кораблей от торпед террористических организаций.
Начальник группы разработчиков проекта катера-робота д-р Ноам Брук сообщил на конференции, состоявшейся в Тель-Авивском университете, что длина катера составляет 8 метров, у него есть мощный мотор и разнообразная сложная аппаратура. Помимо прочего, на катере установлена система спутниковой навигации, камеры наблюдения, 7,62-миллиметровый пулемет "мини-тайфун" и эхолокационная система. Он рассказал, что катер хорошо работает ночью и в сложных погодных условиях, а его системы наблюдения настолько совершенны, что они могут следить за полетом птицы.
Согласно оценкам, сделанным в США, международный рынок плавательных средств такого типа может достичь в 2011-м году объема 1.8 миллиардов долларов. Американцы ожидают, что к 2020-му году треть их военного флота будет основана на плавательных средствах без экипажа на борту.
Но катер – это не единственная израильская разработка в данной области.
Начальник проекта "Гардиум" в Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) Меир Шабтай рассказал на этой же конференции о вооруженном автомобиле-роботе, который в наступающем году будет охранять границы Израиля и забор безопасности. На этом автомобиле установлена усовершенствованная система наблюдения. Автомобиль оборудован сенсорами и камерами. Автомобиль, скорость которого достигает 80 км/ч, будет прокладывать путь для танковых войск или пехоты и искать взрывчатые вещества, а также обнаруживать попытки нарушения целостности забора безопасности.
Перевод Керен Миндлин, NEWSru.co.il
http://newsru.co.il/press/27dec2005/armymaariv.html |
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