Defense & Foreign Affairs' Strategic Policy
March, 2002
SECTION: EN CLAIRE; A Monthly Report on Issues of Strategic Significance; Pg. 3
Israel Navy Now Element of Strategic Force Projection
Reports that the Israel Defense Force (IDF) plans to add a more strategic aspect to its function is believed to be correct and, in the view of many, surprisingly late in coming. In the past, the IDF has undertaken strategic military operations, with all three services prepared, essentially, to operate almost anywhere in the region to "do what is necessary". However, the proposed creation of a specifically strategic deep-strike function for the Israeli Navy (IN: the Heyl ha-Yam) is seen as a highly-significant development.
The IN has received Government approval to proceed with a plan to develop the force into a deep-strike force. Specifically, the plan reportedly called for the conversion of "existing frigates and submarines" as well as the procurement of new surface vessels and underwater vessels, with the capability of reaching into the Indian Ocean and capable of responding to "threats from Iran, Iraq and Libya". Significantly, the IN has for some decades maintained a force which has had true blue water potential, and has operated routinely down to the Bab el-Mandeb Straits at the southern end of the Red Sea. It has always maintained an ability to operate throughout the Mediterranean. The news reports, however, missed the point that (a) much of the new, much broader strategic strike capability has already become operational, and (b) there is no funding available for additional platforms or systems of any great magnitude.
What had appeared to be lacking in the past was an overall maritime force projection strategy, tied into the Israeli Air Force's existing long-range strike capability. The asset base for a greater strategic power projection role for the IDF has not been lacking (despite the constant and chronic lack of funding, particularly for long-term Navy projects); what was necessary was to have a national leadership oriented toward moving the national defense out into the strategic realm. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's strategic viewpoint has always been to move the defensive position of Israel as far out from the borders as possible. Given the regional proliferation of theater-range ballistic missiles (in particular the No Dong Is of Libya, and their equivalents in Iraq and Iran), and the growing moves toward nuclear, chemical and biological warheads, it was now critical for Israel to be able to counter as much of the threat as possible at source.
The Israel Navy's three Dolpheen (Dolphin)-class (Type 212 variant) submarines (SSKs) were already equipped with Sub-Harpoon anti-shipping missiles. The lead-ship, the Dolphin, was delivered in early 1999, with the last unit, the Tekuma, delivered in late 2000. Since delivery, the entire Dolphin-class has been undergoing refits to be able to fire submerged-launch cruise missiles for the land-attack mission. This capability gives the IN a stand-off capability which could be used in the Arabian Sea against critical Iranian shore-based and maritime assets and from the Persian Gulf against Iranian and Iraqi land targets.
Israel in 1999 began lobbying the US to provide Tomahawk cruise missiles to Israel, a fact which was confirmed by a report in the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz on October 14, 2000. At that time, Israel was hopeful that an accord could be reached with Syria. Ha'aretz noted: "Israel sees the Tomahawk as a central tool in its defense policy after peace is reached with Syria." The newspaper went on: "American officials denied yesterday [October 13, 2000] a report in Defense News that the [US] Administration has already refused to give Tomahawks to Israel. The final decision will come in due time, between [then-US Pres. William] Clinton and [then-Israeli Prime Minister Ehud] Barak, and Israel will probably agree to certain restrictions or to American supervision of the cruise missiles, as long as it can take possession of them." So this development has been underway for some time, highlighting the fact that Israel has been preparing for a more strategic mission for the Navy. The latest move, toward the formulation of a coherent plan to codify strategic missions as part of national strategy, was, therefore a logical progression. The fact that any possible chance of an Israeli peace with Syria was lost only compounded the need, from Israel's perspective, to hasten the acquisition of Tomahawks, or a locally-developed alternative.
What has not been stated in any open source material, however, is the fact that the Israeli SLCM is now operationally deployed.
This would make any acquisition of US Tomahawks only important as a supplement to the locally-produced missiles, assisting in the financial drain on the Israeli budget. However, it is axiomatic that an Israeli Tomahawk or a locally-produced cruise missile would be nuclear capable, especially given the understanding that Israeli nuclear weapons have successfully been miniaturized.
Israel undertook, in May 2000, test firings of indigenous cruise missiles from two of its Dolpheen-class SSKs. The test firings took place off Sri Lanka, which is already close to Israel (in a defense supply relationship from Israel), and was also conducted in conjunction with the Indian Navy, with which Israel also has close ties. Range of the missiles launched from the Dolpheens was said to be 1,500km [about 930 statute miles]. The Israeli Government denied the reports about the firings, but Defense & Foreign Affairs sources in India and Israel have both confirmed the fact that such tests took place.
The Israeli air-launched cruise missile, the Popeye Turbo, expected to become operational in 2002, was believed to have provided the model for the submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM), despite the fact that the air-launched version (ALCM) was believed to have a shorter range (200km plus). There are various earlier variants of the Popeye in service with the Israeli Air Force: the AGM-142 Have Nap is a variant of the IAF Popeye and this uses a solid propellant rocket motor. The later Popeye II Have Lite, is smaller, benefiting from later miniaturizations of technology and is used on tactical aircraft. The evolution of the Popeye family believed to have been used for the Israeli SLCM -- and potentially for a surface warship-launched variant -- conforms to the specifications for the Tomahawk and Russian SS-N-21, enabling launch through the standard torpedo tubes.
It is understood that IDF Chief of Staff, Lt.-Gen. Shaul Mofaz, in January 2002 approved the drafting of a formal proposal by the Navy for the broader strategic mission, and approved its discussions in both the General Staff and the Government. The reports talked about converting "existing frigates and submarines". The nearest vessels which the Heyl ha-Yam has to frigates are the three Eilat-class (Saar V-class) FFLs (light frigates, or corvettes) with 2x4 Harpoon SSMs, 2x32 cell VL Barak I SAMs, 1 Mk.15 Phalanx CIWS, 2x1 Stinger MANPADS, 2x3 Mk32 ASW torpedo tubes, and 1 AS.365 Dauphin helicopter. These exceptionally capable vessels are all Mediterranean-based, allowing two to be on patrol at any given time, with one laid-up for refit.